Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Emotional and Behavioral disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Passionate and Behavioral disarranges - Essay Example me of the regular EBD conditions incorporate full of feeling issue, nervousness issue, schizophrenia, direct and consideration issue, and modification issue (Lehr, 2005). When all is said in done for the administration of understudies with EBD in a study hall setting may not so much be viable (Keller, 2002). The methodologies that are picked ought to be proof based and demonstrated through exact writing. The degree of help gave to the understudies ought to be grouped into 3 levels, in particular, essential, auxiliary and tertiary avoidance. At the essential level, issues are kept from creating, and as a rule all the understudies are focused through showing suitable conduct. Auxiliary counteraction incorporates diminishing the seriousness of the issues and bringing down the dangers that might be available to the understudies. At the tertiary level, built up issues are surveyed and proper mediations are executed. In addition, the seriousness and term of the negative results are diminished utilizing different measures (Lehr, 2005). Youngsters with EBD may require situation for probably some term of time in uncommon study halls that give an organized domain to improvement. The results in such a situation are progressively controlled and unsurprising. Understudies in such a program would be compensated for proper conduct (Hewett, 2002). The instructor would continually evaluate the requirements of the study hall and exhibit deliberate educating through a few modes including conversation, introduction, displaying, and so on. Conduct changes might be required however conduct treatments, for example, uplifting feedback, contracting, and so forth. Strong treatments as music, craftsmanship and exercise treatments might be expected to expand a self-understanding and confidence of the youngster (Council for Exceptional Children, 2011). One of the key components in overseeing pressure that might be required by instructors showing youngsters with EBD is mindfulness. Through mindfulness, the instructor is better ready to comprehend the

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Challenges in Hrm Free Essays

string(158) likewise endeavors to improve the limit of people for basic re? ectivity by perceiving that singular personality and development are vital to learning. Studies in C ontinuing Education, V ol. 23, N o. 1, 2001 Challenges in Human Resource Development Practitioner Preparation ROBYN JOHNSTON University of Technology, Sydney This article depicts a portion of the difficulties that defy originators of projects which get ready or upskill Human Resource Development (HRD) experts. We will compose a custom article test on Difficulties in Hrm or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now It surfaces differing points of view of human asset improvement and a portion of the issues that go up against associations in the post-mechanical economy which have suggestions for HRD practice. It additionally surfaces a few strains and territories of assembly that can be found in ongoing examinations which have researched the job of HRD professionals. The  ® nal segment suggests some considerable territories that ought to be tended to inside HRD readiness programs which are intended to prepare students for training in the current authoritative setting. Unique Introduction Organizational learning and expertise development activities are progressively being viewed as adding to the accomplishment of hierarchical intensity in the contemporary economy. Accordingly, the improvement of representatives has become a progressively noticeable hierarchical practice. Since Human Resource Development (HRD) professionals are fundamentally answerable for representative advancement there is a requirement for them to turn out to be all the more exceptionally talented to guarantee that their training meets the changing needs of associations. Formal instructive projects in the act of HRD give a method of helping experts to secure the aptitudes they currently requirement for compelling practice. The plan of such projects, in any case, is tricky given the rising and cross-disciplinary nature of the  ® eld. This paper surfaces a portion of the difficulties related with program plan for the advancement of HRD professionals, drawing from conversations in, and proâ ® ling research from, the HRD writing. The  ® nal segment of the paper proposes a few key territories that should be tended to in preliminary projects for HRD experts. Some Deâ ® nitions In concentrating on the improvement challenges for such a word related gathering, this paper is utilizing ? Human Resource Developer? as an umbrella term to include those professionals whose work inside associations is concerned basically with improving execution through encouraging learning in people, gatherings or the association all the more by and large. While the decent variety of training in the  ® eld is acknowlISSN 0158-037X print; 1470-126X on the web/01/010037-17 O DOI: 10. 1080/01580370120043231 2001 Taylor Francis Ltd 38 R. Johnston dged, for the motivations behind this paper those working in associations with positional names including endeavor mentor, preparing ofâ ® cer, coach and engineer, learning planner or specialist, execution designer, hierarchical engineer and staff improvement ofâ ® cer are being crumpled into one word related classification. These marks have been or are being utilized in associations and in the writing to assign those w hose essential work is to improve execution in hierarchical settings through cultivating learning (Mulder, 1992). The paper additionally utilizes the term Human Resource Development as an umbrella term to depict crafted by such professionals. It along these lines considers HRD practice as including conventional types of preparing just as different types of representative or hierarchical turn of events. Challenge 1: what is driving HRD practice? A significant test standing up to architects of projects for HRD professionals is figuring out what is driving HRD in hierarchical settings. Absolutely those expounding on the  ® eld in the two diaries and HRD technique writings give various contending points of view about this inquiry (Kuchinke, 1998; Barrie Pace, 1997; Garavan et al. , 1995; Chalofsky, 1992; Watkins, 1989). A short rundown of a portion of the contrasting points of view follows. HRD is Primarily About Meeting Business Needs Through Learning There is a group of writing that contends that HRD is  ® rst and premier about improving execution through learning-based procedures to accomplish business objectives. This point of view, supported by human capital and vital human asset hypotheses, guarantees that the genuine estimation of HRD practice ought to be estimated as far as its commitment to associations rather than the estimation of learning for the individual (Kuchinke, 1998; Stace Dunphy, 1996; Torroco Swanson, 1995). It underscores that HRD movement should give quantifiable worth added results that are adjusted to the crucial, objectives and business arranging procedures of associations. It likewise contends that HRD practice is proactive and in this way about foreseeing up and coming business needs and molding the organisation’s future through alternate courses of action that  ® rms can convey when circumstances warrant (Kuchinke, 1998; Martocchio Baldwin, 1997; Garavan et al. , 1995). Such a future direction implies, that HRD practice ought to be tied in with improving the ? exibility and flexibility of workforces and specialty units and hence should work in close relationship with other authoritative or business frameworks, and once in a while clients or providers, to help accomplish business objectives. A business-arranged point of view of HRD would recommend that HRD planning projects should forefront learning exercises that expansion learners’ understandings of the working and heading of their associations and the weights these associations face. Such projects should construct learners’ abilities to analyze quick and future hierarchical expertise level needs. They ought to likewise furnish students with a comprehension of a scope of techniques for accomplishing and communi-Challenges in HRD Practitioner Preparation 39 cating quantifiable and straightforward results regarding execution enhancements that are esteemed by associations. HRD is About Fostering Individual Employee Growth and Development Through Learning A contending point of view of HRD is that it is fundamentally about helping people working in associations learn and develop. Despite the fact that there is banter between those contending that improvement practice ought to be driven by an instrumental competencebased approach and those contending for a progressively comprehensive humanistic way to deal with representative turn of events, advocates from the two camps place that the significant worry of HRD is that of helping people and gatherings learn through proper preparing or some other arranged procedure (Barrie Pace, 1997; Watkins, 1989). As an outcome, the association will beneâ ® t, however this is auxiliary, as the fundamental concern is consistently for the individuals occupied with the learning. This point of view of HRD contends that learning is the instrument for enabling people by outfitting them with aptitudes and information required for mechanical and word related change. In the event that training is driven by a humanistic direction, it frequently includes students arranging their own turn of events. It likewise endeavors to upgrade the limit of people for basic re? ectivity by perceiving that singular personality and development are essential to learning. You read Difficulties in Hrm in classification Article models On the other hand, when aptitude arrangement and learning is driven by an increasingly instrumental methodology and dependent on industry-or endeavor based competency guidelines, universal instructional courses and hands on training and appraisal of abilities are normal. This accentuation on the requirement for singular worker development through learning is continued by late hierarchical writing, which contends that people should assume more noteworthy liability for their own progressing improvement and profession the board. Such writing recommends that people can no longer anticipate that their bosses should assume sole liability for guaranteeing representative vocation improvement given that contemporary work is regularly venture based and along these lines less perpetual. In this situation, people need to make open doors for their own development and improvement and henceforth should look for singular taking in and development openings from HRD exercises (Arnold, 1997; Wilson Barnacoat, 1995; Handy, 1995). This viewpoint of HRD would propose readiness programs for HRD experts ought to give students sound understandings of the standards of grown-up improvement and learning and with abilities to plan advancement approaches which upgrade singular learning and improvement. HRD is About Fostering the Development of a Learning Organization This third point of view is found in both administration and HRD writing, and is every now and again connected with superior associations that are using new working works on including the utilization of increasingly complex creation innovation, progressively participative ways to deal with dynamic, group working structures and more ? exible utilization of work. It is additionally a point of view of HRD practice regularly found in associations experiencing signiâ ® cant basic or social change (Marquard 40 R. Johnston Sofo, 1999; Barrie Pace, 1997; Field Ford, 1996; Watkins Marsick, 1992; Jones Hendry, 1992). Such associations every now and again recognize themselves as learning associations or if nothing else show that they are trying to become learning associations. Deâ ® nitions and portrayals of learning associations change. Most deâ ® nitions, be that as it may, propose that such associations have attributes which incorporate the abilities to gather, store and move information which empower them to persistently change themselves thus achieve significant levels of execution and serious situating. These deâ ® nitions and depictions additionally propose that learning associations enable representatives to learn as they work both independently and collectivel

Monday, August 17, 2020

The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays

The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Academic Discipline: English Course Name: Shakespeare Assignment Subject: The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 2,235 A woman’s love is not always what it seems in a Shakespeare play. It often fails to satisfy individuals or to last for any length of time. Traditional representations of nurturing, compassionate, domestic females are abandoned in Titus Andronicus and King Johnâ€"two Shakespeare plays where love is undervalued. Women attempt to survive in these worlds of patriarchy and brutal war by obtaining their own form of power or else they will succumb to traditional expectations of weaker feminine roles. Lavinia and Tamora in Titus Andronicus are women who are frozen by and suffer for their love and loyalty. Tamora transforms from devastated mother to cruel demon void of emotion while Lavinia’s devotion to her father and Bassianus renders her a vulnerable victim. Eleanor and Constance in King John are as ambitious as Tamora and their own tidings of love are equally complicated and insincere. If Shakespeare’s women are ambitious and threatening then they become monsters who lack compassion and the capability to express true love. Innocent women are equally doomed and must unfairly suffer alongside the genuinely malicious females. For these opposing sets of characterized women, love of any kind is not supported or encouraged, for it leads to bloodshed and tears. In Titus Andronicus, initially Tamora has plenty of genuine love, particularly for her children. When Alarbus is taken prisoner by Titus and sentenced to die, Tamora pleads “[a] mother’s tears in passion for her son: / And if thy sons were ever dear to thee, / O, think my son to be as dear to me” (1.1.106-108) but Titus ignores her cries. Tamora hopes to strike a chord with Titus by appealing to his own role as parent. She is ignored and humiliated, forced to give up her son and become a slave to Rome. Her blood now boils with hatred; she is numbed with the desire for revenge and abandons compassion and love as a result. Tamora is focused on ruining the Andronici and is not distracted by human emotions. She is tremendously lucky that Saturninus, the new Emperor of Rome, chooses to marry her. Douglas Green points out “that her captivity is the sign of Titus’ power” (320) so her quick grab at Saturninus ensures her own rise to power to manipulate Titus’s fall. No longer a slave, Tamora promises Saturninus that if he “advance the Queen of Goths, / She will a handmaid be to his desires, A loving nurse, a mother to his youth” (1.1.31-33). She does not intend to spend her time truly loving him; she flatters Saturninus only to manipulate him later, needing only the power which accompanies their union. Manipulation and rhetoric are her impressive skills and Saturninus is easily fooled. He is much easier to convince than Titus, and so she will use her new husband to exact her revenge. Any claim Tamora makes to “love” someone is easily proved false. In the six places where Tamora uses a form of the word ‘love’ her words drip with insincerity. She does not loveâ€"she lusts. Even her adulterous relationship with Aaron is not one of love. He does not hold a special place in her heart, especially considering that she is so quick to marry Saturninus for power. Tamora refers to her lover as her “lovely Aaron” (2.3.10) only to use the same pet name for her husband later as she flatters him: “[m]y gracious lord, my lovely Saturnine, / Lord of my life, commander of my thoughts” (4.4.27-28). She uses Saturninus specifically for his powerful position as Emperor while Aaron’s role is to satisfy her in bed. Saturninus is obviously a pawn for Tamora to use and abuse, and she does not even feel remorse for having her brother-in-law murdered. She has a child with Aaron and abandons it, letting its fate be decided by strangers. Even a mother’s love which she p ossesses in the beginning has tragically disappeared. Tamora is too focused on satisfying all her cravings and is unapologetic for her cold cruelty. Lavinia is an innocent woman who desires love over ambition or powerâ€"the opposite of Tamora. She is an obedient daughter who praises her father: “In peace and honor live Lord Titus long, / My noble lord and father, live in fame!” (1.1.157-158) and Titus returns her love when he thanks Rome for keeping Lavinia “lovingly reserved/ The cordial of mine age to glad my heart” (1.1.165-166). Titus agrees to let Saturninus marry Lavinia to settle the unrest in Rome and unite the two great families and as the “silent pawn” (Green 322) Lavinia reluctantly submits. Saturninus wants “to advance / Thy name and honorable family” (1.1.238-239) and Lavinia must obey her father even if it means sacrificing her happiness with his brother Bassianus. Saturninus initially chooses her to be his wife but, after seeing Tamora he insults Lavinia, promising Tamora that “he comforts you / Can make you greater than the Queen of Goths” (1.1.268-269). If Lavinia shared Tamora’s ambition s he would be bothered by his sudden interest in Tamora, but she has no desire for power. Instead, Lavinia is relieved that Saturninus is taken with another woman, for now she is free to love Bassianus once more. She does not mind that she is leaving an Emperor for a man with less power and authority: love is more important to her than power. In her essay on children in Shakespeare Ann Blake claims that “in the world of Shakespeare’s plays the innocence of living children is constantly felt. They may tease and become tiresome but they never practice that thoughtless cruelty which appears in the imagery of the plays” (294). Although Lavinia is technically a young woman, her role as Titus’ daughter is maintained and she remains his innocent child to the audience. Blake acknowledges that many critics: try to persuade readers to see these young women as in somehow contributing to their own fate through weakness, stubbornness, or pride. Those less willing to lay blame on these victims must acknowledge that even the most virtuous…meet with tension and conflict. (301) Lavinia’s importance as dependent daughter is even more frightening when, despite the power and influence of her family, her innocence is destroyed when she is raped and mutilated. Titus was mercilessness to Tamora and her children in the beginning of the play, unknowingly condemning his own daughter later. Tamora shows no mercy in her revenge: her sons kill Bassianus in front of Lavinia, leaving her vulnerable with no man to defend her. She is a woman who has always been protected; first by her father and then Bassianus. Tamora reaches a new low when she encourages her sons to rape Lavinia, ignoring the girl’s cries: O Tamora, be called a gentle queen, And with thine own hands kill me in this place For ‘tis not life that I have begged so long; Poor I was slain when Bassianus died. (2.3.168-171) Not satisfied with simply murdering Lavinia, Tamora prolongs the pain, misery, and humiliation for as long as she can. Blake argues that it “is not necessary for innocence to be destroyed to have a powerful effect” (301), but in Titus Andronicus there is no other alternative. Lavinia remains a helpless pawn and her innocence has no chance of surviving. She represents how “the horror of violence [is] inflicted on those incapable of defending themselves, or even of understanding why they are to be hurt” (295). While Titus is spared the physical injury, he also suffers by seeing his daughter tangled in Tamora’s grip and from knowing that he is the cause of these horrors. Lavinia’s attempt to overstep her boundaries results in her brutal punishment. Her slight attack on Tamora is a huge mistakeâ€"she is no match to Tamora’s strength and cruelty. Lavinia and Bassianus discover Tamora and Aaron in a sexual liaison and Lavinia “reveals a proud, baiting wit as she rebukes Tamora” (Green 322) for betraying Saturninus. Lavinia has no experience in vindictiveness and quickly becomes Tamora’s prey. When Bassianus is killed, Lavinia mourns this loss, for her weakness is love. If she had obeyed Titus and stayed with Saturninus she would be spared the pain of her true love’s death. She and Bassianus criticize Tamora’s seductive power and flash their love in her face which incites Tamora’s rage. Lavinia and Tamora are rivals and Tamora shakes with jealousy because she knows that she is incapableâ€"or unwillingâ€"to express real love. Her marriage is a farce and Aaron is just her casual lover, but Lavinia has Titus and Bassianus to love and protec t her. Tamora must destroy these legitimate relationships because she has denied them herself. In King John Queen Eleanor is as vindictive toward Constance as Tamora is to Lavinia. She tells King John that “ambitious Constance would not cease / Til she had kindled France and all the world / Upon the right and party of her son” (1.1.32-34). She tries to blame the political turmoil on Constance’s desire for power, yet it is Eleanor’s own jealousy and ambition on display. Eleanor rejects her female identity when she calls herself “a soldier” (1.1.150). She attempts to control her son’s sovereignty as best she can “[s]o much [her] conscience whispers in [his] ear” (1.1.43). Instead of presenting herself as an understanding, nurturing mother Eleanor is a constant nuisance, an example of Shakespeare’s “feminine voices becoming more insistent” (Racken 77). Phyllis Racken claims that if a female authoritative voice exists this means “[d]elineating a chain of inheritance passed down from father to son” (77). This threat to traditional patriarchy is why women frequently have no agency or are portrayed as villainous demons. John’s position as King is not the only one in jeopardy: Eleanor’s own survival depends on his role and she is determined not to succumb to ruin. Her son lacks strength and assertiveness, and so it is her responsibility to keep their power secure. Eleanor is not motivated by love but by self-preservation. She is as sterile and detached as Tamora becomes; her relationship with King John lacks the affection one expects between mother and son. Female ambition continues to spark jealousy between women and their own compassion ceases to coexist with this desire to succeed. King John “opens a space where women can speak and act… [to] undermine the masculine historical project” (79) by illustrating their need for and ability to possess authority. Constance is desirous for her son to possess power as well, combating with Eleanor to “incite the war between England and France” (79). Although she is Eleanor’s rival and engages in heated conversations and insults, Constance lacks the same ferocity. Eleanor calls Constance a “monstrous slanderer of heaven and earth” (2.1.173) to which Constance fires back: “[t]hou monstrous injurer of heaven and earth” (2.1.174). While they argue and struggle for their sons’ success, Constance does proclaim love for her son as he approaches death: Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, … My boy, my Arthur, my fair son! My life, my joy, my food, my all the world! My widow’s comfort, and my sorrows cure! (3.4.93-105) For Constance, love remains more important than power. Eleanor, however, fails to realize this and never admits to any maternal feelings of her own. The female victim in King John is Blanche who, like Lavinia, is given the role of a virtuous and innocent young woman. She epitomizes the very image of love: If lusty love should go in quest of beauty, Where should he find it fairer than in Blanche? If zealous love should go in search of virtue, Where should he find it purer than in Blanche? If love ambitious sought a match of birth, Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanche? (2.1.426-431) Eleanor sees that she can use Blanche to her advantage. She urges King John to marry Blanche to the Dauphin and to “[g]ive with our niece a dowry large enough. / For by this knot thou shalt so surely tie / Thy now unsured assurance to the crown” (2.1.469-471). Eleanor convinces her son to give Blanche to the Dauphin so their family can maintain a hold on power. Blanche submits because she is loyal to her family and “is bound in honour still to do / What [King John] in wisdom still vouchsafe to say” (2.1.522-523). She decides that it is not a union made of love, but she may learn to love in time. Blanche is similarly emotionless here because her actions are not her own; she must sacrifice her potential happiness and do what is demanded of her. In these Shakespeare plays love is not every woman’s priority or her guarantee. If love does exist at one point, it quickly dissolves under the pressure of powerful forces. Because Tamora’s love-filled pleas are rejected by Titus she denounces any future claim to kindness. The devotion of Lavinia and Blanche becomes their undoing when more ambitious women take advantage of their innocence. Rivalry and insecurity renders Eleanor a cold-hearted soldier and Constance suffers from a mother’s grief for her son. Shakespeare’s women illustrate his emphasis on the failings of loveâ€"whatever diverse forms love translates to do not always produce satisfying results and are not guaranteed to last. A woman is best to guard her love or abandon it altogether to survive and compete in a man’s brutal, ambitious world. Works Cited: Blake, Ann. “Children and Suffering in Shakespeare’s Plays.” The Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 294-304. Green, Douglas E. “Interpreting ‘Her Martyr’d Signs’: Gender and Tragedy in Titus Andronicus.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 40, no.3, 1989, pp. 317-326. Racken, Phyllis. “Patriarchal History and Female Subversion in King John.” King John: New Perspectives, edited by Deborah T. Curren-Aquino. Associated UP, 1989, pp. 76-90. Shakespeare, William. King John, edited by R.L. Smallwood. Penguin, 1974. Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus, edited by Sylvan Barnett. Signet, 2005. The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Academic Discipline: English Course Name: Shakespeare Assignment Subject: The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 2,235 A woman’s love is not always what it seems in a Shakespeare play. It often fails to satisfy individuals or to last for any length of time. Traditional representations of nurturing, compassionate, domestic females are abandoned in Titus Andronicus and King Johnâ€"two Shakespeare plays where love is undervalued. Women attempt to survive in these worlds of patriarchy and brutal war by obtaining their own form of power or else they will succumb to traditional expectations of weaker feminine roles. Lavinia and Tamora in Titus Andronicus are women who are frozen by and suffer for their love and loyalty. Tamora transforms from devastated mother to cruel demon void of emotion while Lavinia’s devotion to her father and Bassianus renders her a vulnerable victim. Eleanor and Constance in King John are as ambitious as Tamora and their own tidings of love are equally complicated and insincere. If Shakespeare’s women are ambitious and threatening then they become monsters who lack compassion and the capability to express true love. Innocent women are equally doomed and must unfairly suffer alongside the genuinely malicious females. For these opposing sets of characterized women, love of any kind is not supported or encouraged, for it leads to bloodshed and tears. In Titus Andronicus, initially Tamora has plenty of genuine love, particularly for her children. When Alarbus is taken prisoner by Titus and sentenced to die, Tamora pleads “[a] mother’s tears in passion for her son: / And if thy sons were ever dear to thee, / O, think my son to be as dear to me” (1.1.106-108) but Titus ignores her cries. Tamora hopes to strike a chord with Titus by appealing to his own role as parent. She is ignored and humiliated, forced to give up her son and become a slave to Rome. Her blood now boils with hatred; she is numbed with the desire for revenge and abandons compassion and love as a result. Tamora is focused on ruining the Andronici and is not distracted by human emotions. She is tremendously lucky that Saturninus, the new Emperor of Rome, chooses to marry her. Douglas Green points out “that her captivity is the sign of Titus’ power” (320) so her quick grab at Saturninus ensures her own rise to power to manipulate Titus’s fall. No longer a slave, Tamora promises Saturninus that if he “advance the Queen of Goths, / She will a handmaid be to his desires, A loving nurse, a mother to his youth” (1.1.31-33). She does not intend to spend her time truly loving him; she flatters Saturninus only to manipulate him later, needing only the power which accompanies their union. Manipulation and rhetoric are her impressive skills and Saturninus is easily fooled. He is much easier to convince than Titus, and so she will use her new husband to exact her revenge. Any claim Tamora makes to “love” someone is easily proved false. In the six places where Tamora uses a form of the word ‘love’ her words drip with insincerity. She does not loveâ€"she lusts. Even her adulterous relationship with Aaron is not one of love. He does not hold a special place in her heart, especially considering that she is so quick to marry Saturninus for power. Tamora refers to her lover as her “lovely Aaron” (2.3.10) only to use the same pet name for her husband later as she flatters him: “[m]y gracious lord, my lovely Saturnine, / Lord of my life, commander of my thoughts” (4.4.27-28). She uses Saturninus specifically for his powerful position as Emperor while Aaron’s role is to satisfy her in bed. Saturninus is obviously a pawn for Tamora to use and abuse, and she does not even feel remorse for having her brother-in-law murdered. She has a child with Aaron and abandons it, letting its fate be decided by strangers. Even a mother’s love which she p ossesses in the beginning has tragically disappeared. Tamora is too focused on satisfying all her cravings and is unapologetic for her cold cruelty. Lavinia is an innocent woman who desires love over ambition or powerâ€"the opposite of Tamora. She is an obedient daughter who praises her father: “In peace and honor live Lord Titus long, / My noble lord and father, live in fame!” (1.1.157-158) and Titus returns her love when he thanks Rome for keeping Lavinia “lovingly reserved/ The cordial of mine age to glad my heart” (1.1.165-166). Titus agrees to let Saturninus marry Lavinia to settle the unrest in Rome and unite the two great families and as the “silent pawn” (Green 322) Lavinia reluctantly submits. Saturninus wants “to advance / Thy name and honorable family” (1.1.238-239) and Lavinia must obey her father even if it means sacrificing her happiness with his brother Bassianus. Saturninus initially chooses her to be his wife but, after seeing Tamora he insults Lavinia, promising Tamora that “he comforts you / Can make you greater than the Queen of Goths” (1.1.268-269). If Lavinia shared Tamora’s ambition s he would be bothered by his sudden interest in Tamora, but she has no desire for power. Instead, Lavinia is relieved that Saturninus is taken with another woman, for now she is free to love Bassianus once more. She does not mind that she is leaving an Emperor for a man with less power and authority: love is more important to her than power. In her essay on children in Shakespeare Ann Blake claims that “in the world of Shakespeare’s plays the innocence of living children is constantly felt. They may tease and become tiresome but they never practice that thoughtless cruelty which appears in the imagery of the plays” (294). Although Lavinia is technically a young woman, her role as Titus’ daughter is maintained and she remains his innocent child to the audience. Blake acknowledges that many critics: try to persuade readers to see these young women as in somehow contributing to their own fate through weakness, stubbornness, or pride. Those less willing to lay blame on these victims must acknowledge that even the most virtuous…meet with tension and conflict. (301) Lavinia’s importance as dependent daughter is even more frightening when, despite the power and influence of her family, her innocence is destroyed when she is raped and mutilated. Titus was mercilessness to Tamora and her children in the beginning of the play, unknowingly condemning his own daughter later. Tamora shows no mercy in her revenge: her sons kill Bassianus in front of Lavinia, leaving her vulnerable with no man to defend her. She is a woman who has always been protected; first by her father and then Bassianus. Tamora reaches a new low when she encourages her sons to rape Lavinia, ignoring the girl’s cries: O Tamora, be called a gentle queen, And with thine own hands kill me in this place For ‘tis not life that I have begged so long; Poor I was slain when Bassianus died. (2.3.168-171) Not satisfied with simply murdering Lavinia, Tamora prolongs the pain, misery, and humiliation for as long as she can. Blake argues that it “is not necessary for innocence to be destroyed to have a powerful effect” (301), but in Titus Andronicus there is no other alternative. Lavinia remains a helpless pawn and her innocence has no chance of surviving. She represents how “the horror of violence [is] inflicted on those incapable of defending themselves, or even of understanding why they are to be hurt” (295). While Titus is spared the physical injury, he also suffers by seeing his daughter tangled in Tamora’s grip and from knowing that he is the cause of these horrors. Lavinia’s attempt to overstep her boundaries results in her brutal punishment. Her slight attack on Tamora is a huge mistakeâ€"she is no match to Tamora’s strength and cruelty. Lavinia and Bassianus discover Tamora and Aaron in a sexual liaison and Lavinia “reveals a proud, baiting wit as she rebukes Tamora” (Green 322) for betraying Saturninus. Lavinia has no experience in vindictiveness and quickly becomes Tamora’s prey. When Bassianus is killed, Lavinia mourns this loss, for her weakness is love. If she had obeyed Titus and stayed with Saturninus she would be spared the pain of her true love’s death. She and Bassianus criticize Tamora’s seductive power and flash their love in her face which incites Tamora’s rage. Lavinia and Tamora are rivals and Tamora shakes with jealousy because she knows that she is incapableâ€"or unwillingâ€"to express real love. Her marriage is a farce and Aaron is just her casual lover, but Lavinia has Titus and Bassianus to love and protec t her. Tamora must destroy these legitimate relationships because she has denied them herself. In King John Queen Eleanor is as vindictive toward Constance as Tamora is to Lavinia. She tells King John that “ambitious Constance would not cease / Til she had kindled France and all the world / Upon the right and party of her son” (1.1.32-34). She tries to blame the political turmoil on Constance’s desire for power, yet it is Eleanor’s own jealousy and ambition on display. Eleanor rejects her female identity when she calls herself “a soldier” (1.1.150). She attempts to control her son’s sovereignty as best she can “[s]o much [her] conscience whispers in [his] ear” (1.1.43). Instead of presenting herself as an understanding, nurturing mother Eleanor is a constant nuisance, an example of Shakespeare’s “feminine voices becoming more insistent” (Racken 77). Phyllis Racken claims that if a female authoritative voice exists this means “[d]elineating a chain of inheritance passed down from father to son” (77). This threat to traditional patriarchy is why women frequently have no agency or are portrayed as villainous demons. John’s position as King is not the only one in jeopardy: Eleanor’s own survival depends on his role and she is determined not to succumb to ruin. Her son lacks strength and assertiveness, and so it is her responsibility to keep their power secure. Eleanor is not motivated by love but by self-preservation. She is as sterile and detached as Tamora becomes; her relationship with King John lacks the affection one expects between mother and son. Female ambition continues to spark jealousy between women and their own compassion ceases to coexist with this desire to succeed. King John “opens a space where women can speak and act… [to] undermine the masculine historical project” (79) by illustrating their need for and ability to possess authority. Constance is desirous for her son to possess power as well, combating with Eleanor to “incite the war between England and France” (79). Although she is Eleanor’s rival and engages in heated conversations and insults, Constance lacks the same ferocity. Eleanor calls Constance a “monstrous slanderer of heaven and earth” (2.1.173) to which Constance fires back: “[t]hou monstrous injurer of heaven and earth” (2.1.174). While they argue and struggle for their sons’ success, Constance does proclaim love for her son as he approaches death: Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, … My boy, my Arthur, my fair son! My life, my joy, my food, my all the world! My widow’s comfort, and my sorrows cure! (3.4.93-105) For Constance, love remains more important than power. Eleanor, however, fails to realize this and never admits to any maternal feelings of her own. The female victim in King John is Blanche who, like Lavinia, is given the role of a virtuous and innocent young woman. She epitomizes the very image of love: If lusty love should go in quest of beauty, Where should he find it fairer than in Blanche? If zealous love should go in search of virtue, Where should he find it purer than in Blanche? If love ambitious sought a match of birth, Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanche? (2.1.426-431) Eleanor sees that she can use Blanche to her advantage. She urges King John to marry Blanche to the Dauphin and to “[g]ive with our niece a dowry large enough. / For by this knot thou shalt so surely tie / Thy now unsured assurance to the crown” (2.1.469-471). Eleanor convinces her son to give Blanche to the Dauphin so their family can maintain a hold on power. Blanche submits because she is loyal to her family and “is bound in honour still to do / What [King John] in wisdom still vouchsafe to say” (2.1.522-523). She decides that it is not a union made of love, but she may learn to love in time. Blanche is similarly emotionless here because her actions are not her own; she must sacrifice her potential happiness and do what is demanded of her. In these Shakespeare plays love is not every woman’s priority or her guarantee. If love does exist at one point, it quickly dissolves under the pressure of powerful forces. Because Tamora’s love-filled pleas are rejected by Titus she denounces any future claim to kindness. The devotion of Lavinia and Blanche becomes their undoing when more ambitious women take advantage of their innocence. Rivalry and insecurity renders Eleanor a cold-hearted soldier and Constance suffers from a mother’s grief for her son. Shakespeare’s women illustrate his emphasis on the failings of loveâ€"whatever diverse forms love translates to do not always produce satisfying results and are not guaranteed to last. A woman is best to guard her love or abandon it altogether to survive and compete in a man’s brutal, ambitious world. Works Cited: Blake, Ann. “Children and Suffering in Shakespeare’s Plays.” The Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 294-304. Green, Douglas E. “Interpreting ‘Her Martyr’d Signs’: Gender and Tragedy in Titus Andronicus.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 40, no.3, 1989, pp. 317-326. Racken, Phyllis. “Patriarchal History and Female Subversion in King John.” King John: New Perspectives, edited by Deborah T. Curren-Aquino. Associated UP, 1989, pp. 76-90. Shakespeare, William. King John, edited by R.L. Smallwood. Penguin, 1974. Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus, edited by Sylvan Barnett. Signet, 2005.